american
791169701662408704
Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
The United States gave Japan a warning and a deadline to surrender before the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, though not with an explicit mention of the atomic bomb itself.
Key Warning: The Potsdam Declaration (July 26, 1945)
- The Potsdam Declaration was issued by the United States, the United Kingdom, and China.
- It called for Japan’s unconditional surrender, warning of “prompt and utter destruction” if they refused.
- It did not mention the atomic bomb specifically, as the weapon had not yet been used publicly and was still secret.
- Japan was given an ultimatum, though no exact deadline date was specified.
- Japan’s government rejected the ultimatum (or more accurately, chose to ignore it, which was interpreted as rejection by the Allies).
What happened next:
- On August 6, 1945, the U.S. dropped the first atomic bomb on Hiroshima.
- On August 8, the Soviet Union declared war on Japan.
- On August 9, the second atomic bomb was dropped on Nagasaki.
- Japan announced its intention to surrender on August 15, 1945, leading to the formal surrender on September 2, 1945.
Summary:
The U.S. did issue a surrender ultimatum (Potsdam Declaration) before the bombings, but did not reveal that an atomic bomb would be used. The warning was serious but vague about the nature of the coming destruction.
790959951137964032
The History of Slavery In America (FULL)
790780913686544384
CPB says it is shutting down after being defunded by Congress, targeted by Trump
“The demise of the corporation, known as CPB, is a direct result of President Donald Trump’s targeting of public media, which he has repeatedly said is spreading political and cultural views antithetical to those the United States should be espousing. The closure is expected to have a profound impact on the journalistic and cultural landscape — in particular, public radio and TV stations in small communities across the United States. CPB helps fund both PBS and NPR.”
790656737921351680
California Laws Protecting Immigrants’ Civil Rights
“Over the last several years, California has taken significant strides to protect immigrants, passing a broad range of laws to expand and uphold the civil and labor rights of immigrants, to equalize access to higher education, and to define the role local law enforcement agencies may play in the enforcement of federal immigration law. In its brief, “California Blueprint: Two Decades of Pro-Immigrant Transformation,” the California Immigrant Policy Center highlights the broad range of state laws enacted since 1996.”
790021584043884544
Bischoff, who in 1976 told Paul Karlstrom: “I’m still supporting myself by teaching,” had only two one man shows before his first New York show at Staempfli Gallery in 1960, including a 1955 show at the Paul Kantor Gallery in Los Angeles from which nothing sold. In contrast, leading artists in New York benefitted from a booming art market. For example, Willem de Kooning’s 1959 New York show sold out on the first day, bringing in about $150,000 (about $1.2 million dollars today, when adjusted for inflation).
Of course, de Kooning was a sensation, but many other New York artists sold well while California artists struggled. In this situation, decently paying teaching jobs were a rare and precious commodity. When it was rumored in 1955 that David Park had been offered $10,000 per year to teach at UC Berkeley, artist Nathan Oliveira – who at the time was earning $2.50 per hour teaching art 18 hours per week – thought that Park had been given “the opportunity of a lifetime.” As it turns out, Park’s actual starting annual salary was $5,300.00.
Elmer Bischoff
Seated Figure in Garden
1958
Oil on canvas
47 ¾ × 56 3/4in.
Whitney Museum of American Art, New York
789138584506630144
Romolo Alley, North Beach, San Francisco (1982)