hatred
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Why Do People Bully? The Scientific Reasons
“In a recent Ditch the Label study, we spoke to 7,347 people about bullying. We asked respondents to define bullying and then later asked if, based on their own definition, they had ever bullied anybody. 14% of our overall sample, so that’s 1,239 people, said yes. What we then did was something that had never been done on this scale before; we asked them intimate questions about their lives, exploring things like stress and trauma, home lives, relationships and how they feel about themselves.”
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What Happens In The Brain When We Dislike Somebody – Headspace
“In order to understand what happens in your body when you dislike someone, you can start by trying to understand fear. As Robert Sapolsky writes in “Why Your Brain Hates Other People,” when we see someone who even looks different from us, “there is preferential activation of the amygdala,” which means the brain region associated with fear and aggression flares up. This visceral, emotional reaction can spark a long-term pattern of dislike when it’s validated by action: if you perceive that someone has hurt you, your fear of them becomes rational. Our negative feelings toward someone get stronger as bad experiences with them pile up, and these negative thoughts trigger the fight-or-flight response in our bodies.”
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“Hatred has to be learned, Golden says: ‘We are all born with the capacity for aggression as well as compassion. Which tendencies we embrace requires mindful choice by individuals, families, communities and our culture in general. The key to overcoming hate is education: at home, in schools, and in the community.’ According to Dutchevici, facing the fear of being vulnerable and utterly human is what allows us to connect, to feel, and ultimately, to love. She suggests creating ‘cracks in the system.’ These cracks can be as simple as connecting to your neighbor, talking with a friend, starting a protest, or even going to therapy and connecting with an ‘Other.’ It is through these acts that one can understand hate and love.”
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Why Do People Bully? The Scientific Reasons
“In a recent Ditch the Label study, we spoke to 7,347 people about bullying. We asked respondents to define bullying and then later asked if, based on their own definition, they had ever bullied anybody. 14% of our overall sample, so that’s 1,239 people, said yes. What we then did was something that had never been done on this scale before; we asked them intimate questions about their lives, exploring things like stress and trauma, home lives, relationships and how they feel about themselves.”
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Illegal Voting by Non-Citizens in the U.S.: Facts, Statistics, and Context
Here’s a summary of what credible research and reporting tell us about the scale of illegal voting by non-citizens in the U.S., along with how uncertain the estimates are:
What Studies & Investigations Show
1. Very rare occurrence in practice
The Brennan Center for Justice reviewed many state investigations and court cases and found that confirmed instances of non-citizens voting are extremely rare. (Brennan Center for Justice) For example:
- One study found only 14 convictions of non-citizens for voting over the first three years of a DOJ fraud initiative. (Brennan Center for Justice)
- In large states or in investigations with many hundreds of thousands or millions of registered voters, the number of non-citizens found to have voted is often in double digits. (Brennan Center for Justice)
2. Specific state findings
- In Iowa, a review found 35 non-citizens voted in the 2024 general election, out of more than 1.6 million voters. (AP News)
- Also in Iowa, there were 277 non-citizens registered among about 2.3 million registered voters. (AP News)
These numbers are very small fractions of total voters or registrations. (AP News)
3. Claims with larger estimates, but high uncertainty
- A study by Just Facts in 2024 claimed that 10%-27% of non-citizen adults are illegally registered to vote. (justfacts.org)
- That estimate implies 2-5 million non-citizen adults could be registered to vote. (justfacts.org)
- The same study projects that 5%-13% of non-citizens might illegally vote in federal elections, which translates (on their model) to 1.0 million to 2.7 million illegal votes in certain elections unless additional safeguards are in place. (justfacts.org)
But many experts caution that these larger estimates are highly uncertain because of small sample sizes, potential misreporting, issues identifying non-citizens vs. naturalized citizens, and methodological challenges. (Snopes)
What to Keep in Mind: Limitations & Context
- “Registered non-citizen” ≠ “non-citizen who voted”
Being on a voter registration roll doesn’t always mean someone actually voted. Some studies estimate registration but not actual votes. (justfacts.org)
- Misidentification & data errors
Some people report they’re non-citizens but later naturalize, or there are errors in matching names/records. Some investigations turn up registrations attributed to “non-citizens” that actually were already citizens or that there was no proof the person voted. (AP News)
- Extremely small impact
Even in studies that find non-citizen voting, it’s almost always so small in number that it is not considered to affect the outcome of elections in a meaningful way. (Brennan Center for Justice)
Bottom Line
- Illegal voting by non-citizens does happen but confirmed cases are very rare.
- Estimations that suggest high numbers (millions) are disputed and involve big uncertainties.
- In most states and most elections, the fraction of votes cast by non-citizens is so small that it’s negligible in terms of impact.
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“When they go low, we go high.”
– Michelle Obama
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“Sometimes people need to be reminded that kindness is stronger than hate.”
— Dr. Michaela Quinn