immigrants
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New 2025 Official U.S. Citizenship Test USCIS 100 Civics Exam Questions, Ciudadania Americana, Trump
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“The Salesforce founder declared he ‘fully supported’ President Trump and thought National Guard troops should patrol San Francisco streets. He gushed about sitting across from Trump at a Windsor Castle state dinner, telling the president ‘how grateful I am for everything he’s doing.’ He praised Elon Musk’s government efficiency efforts and said he hadn’t closely followed news about immigration raids or Trump’s attacks on the media.”
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Illegal Voting by Non-Citizens in the U.S.: Facts, Statistics, and Context
Here’s a summary of what credible research and reporting tell us about the scale of illegal voting by non-citizens in the U.S., along with how uncertain the estimates are:
What Studies & Investigations Show
1. Very rare occurrence in practice
The Brennan Center for Justice reviewed many state investigations and court cases and found that confirmed instances of non-citizens voting are extremely rare. (Brennan Center for Justice) For example:
- One study found only 14 convictions of non-citizens for voting over the first three years of a DOJ fraud initiative. (Brennan Center for Justice)
- In large states or in investigations with many hundreds of thousands or millions of registered voters, the number of non-citizens found to have voted is often in double digits. (Brennan Center for Justice)
2. Specific state findings
- In Iowa, a review found 35 non-citizens voted in the 2024 general election, out of more than 1.6 million voters. (AP News)
- Also in Iowa, there were 277 non-citizens registered among about 2.3 million registered voters. (AP News)
These numbers are very small fractions of total voters or registrations. (AP News)
3. Claims with larger estimates, but high uncertainty
- A study by Just Facts in 2024 claimed that 10%-27% of non-citizen adults are illegally registered to vote. (justfacts.org)
- That estimate implies 2-5 million non-citizen adults could be registered to vote. (justfacts.org)
- The same study projects that 5%-13% of non-citizens might illegally vote in federal elections, which translates (on their model) to 1.0 million to 2.7 million illegal votes in certain elections unless additional safeguards are in place. (justfacts.org)
But many experts caution that these larger estimates are highly uncertain because of small sample sizes, potential misreporting, issues identifying non-citizens vs. naturalized citizens, and methodological challenges. (Snopes)
What to Keep in Mind: Limitations & Context
- “Registered non-citizen” ≠ “non-citizen who voted”
Being on a voter registration roll doesn’t always mean someone actually voted. Some studies estimate registration but not actual votes. (justfacts.org)
- Misidentification & data errors
Some people report they’re non-citizens but later naturalize, or there are errors in matching names/records. Some investigations turn up registrations attributed to “non-citizens” that actually were already citizens or that there was no proof the person voted. (AP News)
- Extremely small impact
Even in studies that find non-citizen voting, it’s almost always so small in number that it is not considered to affect the outcome of elections in a meaningful way. (Brennan Center for Justice)
Bottom Line
- Illegal voting by non-citizens does happen but confirmed cases are very rare.
- Estimations that suggest high numbers (millions) are disputed and involve big uncertainties.
- In most states and most elections, the fraction of votes cast by non-citizens is so small that it’s negligible in terms of impact.
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Three Arkansas residents arrested and charged with voting illegally last year | Arkansas Advocate
“Griffin said in a press conference that such arrests and charges are ‘rarities’ and ‘not a persistent problem,’ but that his office is committed to protecting the integrity of Arkansas elections. He created an Election Integrity Unit in his office’s Special Investigations Division in March 2023.”
According to the article:
They voted illegally because none of them were U.S. citizens, which makes it against Arkansas election law to register or vote in any election. Two of them also falsely attested to being U.S. citizens on their voter registration forms, which led to additional perjury charges.
Here’s what’s mentioned about which party they voted for:
Zlata Risley (from Kazakhstan) — accused of voting illegally in the 2024 Republican primary.
Chi Baum (from Nigeria) — told investigators she voted Republican in the 2024 general election, even though she wasn’t registered as a Republican.
Cecilia Castellanos (from Cuba) — voted in the 2024 general election, but the article does not specify which party she voted for.
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California Laws Protecting Immigrants’ Civil Rights
“Over the last several years, California has taken significant strides to protect immigrants, passing a broad range of laws to expand and uphold the civil and labor rights of immigrants, to equalize access to higher education, and to define the role local law enforcement agencies may play in the enforcement of federal immigration law. In its brief, “California Blueprint: Two Decades of Pro-Immigrant Transformation,” the California Immigrant Policy Center highlights the broad range of state laws enacted since 1996.”
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How the proposed 3.5% US remittance tax could shrink savings for NRIs, visa holders – CNBC TV18
“Sending money home from the United States could get costlier for immigrants if a proposed 3.5% excise tax on remittances becomes law. The US House of Representatives has passed the “One Big Beautiful Bill,” which includes this tax aimed at non-US citizens. The measure is now awaiting Senate approval and could take effect from January 1, 2026. The tax, if enacted, will apply to every international money transfer made by non-citizens, including H-1B visa holders, green card holders, and students on F-1 visas.”
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How to Apply for U.S. Citizenship
To apply for U.S. citizenship, you’ll need to go through the naturalization process. Here are the basic steps:
1. Check Your Eligibility
- Be at least 18 years old.
- Have had a Green Card (permanent resident status) for at least 5 years (or 3 years if married to a U.S. citizen).
- Have lived continuously in the U.S. for a specific period.
- Be able to read, write, and speak basic English (with some exceptions).
- Have a basic understanding of U.S. history and government (civics).
- Demonstrate good moral character.
2. Complete Form N-400
- Fill out Form N-400, Application for Naturalization.
- You can do this online through the USCIS website or submit a paper form.
- The filing fee is $640, plus an $85 biometrics fee (total $725), though some people qualify for fee waivers.
3. Submit Your Application
- Include copies of the required documents (e.g., Green Card, passport photos).
- Pay the fees and submit your application online or by mail.
4. Attend the Biometrics Appointment
- You’ll be scheduled for a biometrics appointment to provide fingerprints, a photo, and a signature for background checks.
5. Complete the Interview
- USCIS will schedule an interview where an officer will review your application.
- You’ll take the civics test (covering U.S. history and government) and an English test (speaking, reading, writing).
6. Receive a Decision
- You’ll get a notice stating whether your application is approved, continued, or denied.
7. Take the Oath of Allegiance
- If approved, you’ll attend a naturalization ceremony where you’ll take the Oath of Allegiance to officially become a U.S. citizen.