narcissism
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อัตตา (บาลี: อตฺตา; สันสกฤต: आत्मन्) แปลว่า ตัวตน ร่างกาย รูปลักษณะ ตัวเอง หรือวิญญาณ ตามทฤษฎีของผู้นับถือลัทธิว่าชีวิตเกิดขึ้นด้วยวิญญาณหรืออาตมัน ซึ่งชาวอินเดียทางภาคเหนือได้ยึดถือเช่นนั้น ในคัมภีร์อุปนิษัทอธิบายไว้ว่า อัตตาเป็นตัวตนเล็ก ๆ รูปร่างเหมือนคน อาศัยอยู่ในหัวใจเวลาปกติ และหนีออกจากร่างกายไปในเวลานอนหลับ หรือในเวลาสงบแน่นิ่ง เมื่ออัตตานั้นกลับมาสู่ร่างเหมือนเดิม ชีวิตและการเคลื่อนไหวจึงเกิดขึ้นเป็นไปตามเดิม ในเวลาตายอัตตาก็จะหนีออกจากร่าง ไปใช้ชีวิตในอมตะของตนเองวนเวียนไปอย่างนี้โดยไม่มีสิ้นสุด (นัยพจนา. บาลี-อังกฤษ ของสมาคมบาลีปกรณ์)
ในศาสนาพุทธ พระพุทธเจ้าเรียกความเชื่อเรื่องอัตตาว่าสัสสตทิฐิ ถือเป็นมิจฉาทิฐิอย่างหนึ่ง และเรียกว่าอัตตวาทุปาทาน ซึ่งถือเป็นความยึดมั่นถือมั่นประการหนึ่ง
อัตตาในคำไทยทั่วไปใช้ในรูป อัตต, อัต เช่น อัตตาธิปไตย อัตชีวประวัติ อัตภาพ อัตโนมัติ
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How your ego is affecting your mental health | iHASCO
“Your ego takes you away from the present moment. Imagine living your whole life thinking about the past and the future, and then realising at the end that all you ever had was the present moment – but you were too stuck in your head to fully engage your senses and enjoy the world around you. Here’s how you can identify when your ego kicks in…”
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Have Jeff Koons or Damien Hirst ever shared news about their art sales on social media?
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The frog of the well
“Have you not heard of the frog that lived in the well? It said to the turtle of the Eastern Sea, “I am so happy! I jump about the railings of the well, rest at the crack on the bricks; when I dive into the water, they support my arms and chin; when I scramble in the mud, they bury my feet and toes. I interact with crabs and play with minnows; nobody can compare to me. Furthermore, I dominate the water in this well, and enjoy the joy of being in the well. Isn’t it wonderful? Why don’t you come down and have a look?” The turtle of the Eastern Sea tried to get in the well, but before his left leg could even enter, his right knee was already stuck. So, it circled around and went back, and told the sea, “A thousand miles cannot describe its vastness; a thousand fathoms cannot measure its depth. In the time of Yu, there were floods nine out of ten years, yet the sea did not increase; in the time of Tang, there were droughts seven out of eight years, yet the cliffs did not decrease. The sea does not change with the passing of time or the amount of water it contains, this is the great joy of the Eastern Sea.” When the frog in the well heard this, it was astonished and could not find words to reply.”
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Why Some People Will Always Blame Others
“Blaming is usually considered part of the defense mechanism called projection, which involves denying one’s own anxiety-provoking or negative characteristics and seeing them instead in others.”
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My philosophy for a happy life | Sam Berns | TEDxMidAtlantic
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“We all lie to ourselves. Whether we’re convincing ourselves that something is or isn’t true, self-deception is a common psychological tactic—so common, in fact, that people can be unaware they’re even doing it.
But why do we do it? Research defines self-deception as an independent mental state made up of conscious and unconscious memories and attitudes, as well as controlled and automatic processes, that serves as an attempt at self-protection or enhancement.”
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Psychology of Competitiveness | Eastern Oregon University Online
One study of just this concept found that nearly half of people surveyed would rather make $50,000 in a world where the average salary is $25,000 than make $100,000 in a world where the average is $200,000; that is, they prioritized making more relative to other people rather than having a higher overall income. As the saying goes, “If you and I are being chased by a bear, I don’t have to outrun the bear; I just have to outrun you.”
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“Leon Festinger (1957) proposed cognitive dissonance theory, which states that a powerful motive to maintain cognitive consistency can give rise to irrational and sometimes maladaptive behavior.
Festinger’s (1957) cognitive dissonance theory suggests that we have an inner drive to hold all our attitudes and beliefs in harmony and avoid disharmony (or dissonance).
Resolving cognitive dissonance
1) We can change our attitude
2) We can acquire new information
3) We can reduce the importance of our beliefs
The more a person wishes to conform, the more likely they are to use cognitive dissonance. Cognitive dissonance explains many of our everyday actions. The person who steals from his employer but tells himself that he is underpaid and deserves the extra is twisting the interpretation of his behavior in order to still feel he is okay as a human being is another good example.”
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“Opinion is really the lowest form of human knowledge. It requires no accountability, no understanding. The highest form of knowledge… is empathy, for it requires us to suspend our egos and live in another’s world. It requires profound purpose larger than the self kind of understanding.”
– Bill Bullard